But women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature, until 1919. [97] Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea.[98]. As of 2021[update], there are 309 municipalities,[116] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents. [53] Still there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century. The distance from the southernmost point Hanko in Uusimaa to the northernmost Nuorgam in Lapland is 1,160 kilometres (720mi). [254] Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. For other uses, see, The Session Hall of the Parliament of Finland. [215], Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,0006,000 people; Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution. Early independence Although the liberation from Russia occurred peacefully, Finland was unable to avert a violent internal conflict. Finn power! Toveri: From Russia's point of view, it's a big [problem] because now the Baltic Sea will practically become a lake [belonging to] NATO. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties, and the social-democratic party were highly antagonized. As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. Founded in 1922 as a confederation of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Transcaucasia (comprised of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) eventually grew to 15 republicsand a world-wide superpower. Russia Maps & Facts - World Atlas [288], Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world. The Sami languages have an official status in parts of Lapland, where the Sami, numbering around 7,000,[218] are recognized as an indigenous people. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. [162], Finland has five privately owned nuclear reactors producing 40% of the country's energy. [111], The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry. Karimovs successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has continued to consolidate power and limit political oppositionwhile deepening ties with Russia. The land area is given in km2, and the density in inhabitants per km2 (land area). This policy was interrupted between 1905 and 1908. The free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. FINLAND - In the chaos resulting from the Russian Revolution in 1917, Finland declared its independence on Dec. 6 that year. Public Domain On Sept. 17, 1809, Sweden lived through one of the darkest days in its history. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations. [193] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. [318] Association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country. Text from PD source: US Library of Congress: The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal, by Niels Finn Christiansen. On the most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall to 45C (49F). [109], Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0C or 32F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March. The works of Eila Hiltunen and Laila Pullinen exemplifies the modernism in sculpture. [135], Section 6 of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason". [294] Here, Beneath the North Star from 1968, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. The most popular fish food in Finland is salmon. Municipal swimming halls and hotels have often their own saunas. The tournament "begins" on a winning note for Dettman's team", "Finland claims first-ever hockey gold at Beijing Olympics", "Finland wins historic Winter Olympics ice hockey gold medal after beating ROC team 21 in Beijing final", "Formula One 2008: Why are Finnish drivers so good? These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. Finland has the highest concentration of cooperatives relative to its population. [29], In the Iron Age population grew. In October, Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin said there was consensus among lawmakers to build a fence . As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7sqmi) annually. [229] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years. In seeking to re-establish Russia as a global power and limit Western influence in the former Soviet republics, Putin continued the war in Chechnya, annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and invaded Ukraine in 2022. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of the capital-owning population. [149] In 2013, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella, Nokia, OP-Pohjola, ISS, VR, Kesko, UPM-Kymmene, YIT, Metso, and Nordea. [148] The female employment rate is high. The Helsinki-Tallinn route is one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world.[170]. [220] The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially recognized in parts of Finland. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries. ", "Eurostat: Falling suicide rate in Finland nears European average", "GHO | By category | Suicide rate estimates, age-standardized Estimates by country", "World Happiness Report 2016 | Volume I (page 22)", "World's Greatest Places: Helsinki Central Library Oodi", "Summary sheets on education systems in Europe", "Universities of Applied Sciences in Finland", "Top University Ranking of 2010: University of Helsinki", "The top 9 best universities in Finland: 2021 rankings", "The Global Competitiveness Report 20132014". [232], Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. Finland and Sweden could soon join NATO, prompted by Russian war in [184] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Levi, Ruka and Ylls)[185] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.[186][187]. Moreover, the President exercises supreme command over the Finnish Defence Forces as commander-in-chief. Donald Trump met Russian President Vladimir Putin in the Finnish capital, Helsinki, in 2018. The main tasks of the counties are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union. The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik. The Government annually spends around 350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644mi) network of railway tracks. Sweden and Finland make moves to join Nato | Nato | The Guardian [202] 442,290 people in Finland in 2021 were born in another country, representing 8% of the population. [49] Finnish democracy did not experience any Soviet coup attempts and likewise survived the anti-communist Lapua Movement. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (17911858) "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore, be Finns" a Finnish national identity was established. [135], More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. Finland lost 97,000 soldiers and was forced to pay war reparations of $300million ($3.7billion in 2021); nevertheless, it avoided occupation by Soviet forces and managed to retain its independence. ", "Pespallo otti sata vuotta sitten syntyaskelia", "Leijonien MM-finaalista historian katsotuin jkiekko-ottelu Suomessa! The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterized by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region. Of the total area, 10% is lakes, rivers, and ponds, and 78% is forest. Primary production represents 2.9%. Finland - Independence, Sovereignty, Autonomy | Britannica In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history. As of 2022[update], Finland has the lowest non-household electricity prices in the EU. Oulu Airport is the second largest with 1 million passengers in 2019 (300,000 in 2020), whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services. [59] New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won with a slim majority. Secessionist movements in the ethnic Russian enclaves of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have led to tense relations with Russia. Finland's neutrality dates back to the end of World War II. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. Ukraine-Russia war latest: Putin arrives three hours late for speech [56] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.[71]. Beset by widespread corruption, the authoritarian regime is heavily dependent on Russia for economic aid. [281][282][283][284], Finland has won the Eurovision Song Contest once in 2006 when Lordi won the contest with the song ''Hard Rock Hallelujah''.
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