At first, membership remained restricted to Germany, although the electors leading adviser, Christian of Anhalt, wished to extend it, but before long a new crisis rocked the empire and turned the German union into a Protestant International. Because of these developments, many historians regard 1648 as a dividing line that marks the beginning of modern Europe. The Thirty Years' War - JSTOR Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thirty-years-war. Initially, however, French troops confronted Spain only in Italy (the War of the Mantuan Succession, 16281631). The fact that Ferdinand had managed to have himself elected emperor in the summer of 1619 gave him an authority that few German rulers dared to challenge openly for the time being. Omissions? m. roberts, Gustavus Adolphus: A History of Sweden, 16111632, 2 v. (New York 195358). A classic of the Sturm und Drang period of German literature, this romanticized 18th-century account of the Thirty Years War by Germanys leading poet could be seen as more literature than history, but it forms an important historiographic expression of an early attempt to come to terms with the sheer scope and destruction of the conflict. The Thirty Years War was actually a number of wars. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Historians also believe the first European witch hunts began during the war, as a suspicious populace attributed the suffering throughout Europe at the time to spiritual causes. ." World Encyclopedia. History of Europe - Thirty Years War, Religious Conflict, Peace of The Union members were convinced of the existence of a Catholic conspiracy aimed at rooting out all traces of Protestantism from the empire. Since both were members of the Union, they solicited, and received, promises of military aid from their colleagues; they also received, via Christian of Anhalt, similar promises from the kings of France and England. However, when Gustavus Adolphus was killed in the Battle of Lutzen in 1632, the Swedes lost some of their resolve. Death sentences, imprisonment, and confiscation of land eradicated rebel opposition and weakened Protestant strength. It weakened the concept of the divine right of kings, which was the belief that all monarchs had been put into power by the will of God and were not subject to Earthly power. Thirty Years' War & Treaty of Westphalia | Summary & Significance. Leipzig, Munich, and Vienna, 19071997. In the battle of Ltzen in November 1632, Gustavus Adolphus won a last victory against Wallenstein but died in action. They declared that they would no longer become involved in the territorial wrangles of individual members, and they resolved to prolong their association for only three years more. Alarmed by growing Calvinist strength, Maximilian tried to rally the Catholic princes and to inspire the weak, ineffectual Emperor Rudolph II (15761612) to oppose the designs of the Protestant Union organized by Christian of Anhalt and Frederick IV of the Palatinate in 1608. The emperor therefore refused to recognize the Protestant princes claim. Encyclopedia.com. Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. ." The war was fought between Catholics and Protestants and also drew in the national armies of France, Sweden, Spain, Denmark, and the Habsburg dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire. . The British production of the early 20th century, exemplified by Wedgewood 2005 (originally published in 1938), picked up on that tradition and followed it. But the war shook faith in government. Ambition and religious commitment led Frederick to accept election and along with Count Matthew of Thurn and Ernst von Mansfeld, the new King took command of the Bohemian armies. Corrections? The war involved the [.] The Protestant religion comprised Reform, Lutheran, Hussite, and Calvinists of England, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, France, and Denmark. This sudden accretion in Protestant strength caused the German Catholics to take countermeasures: a Catholic League was formed between Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and his neighbours on July 10, 1609, soon to be joined by the ecclesiastical rulers of the Rhineland and receiving support from Spain and the Papacy. 3. Despite the French success at Rocroy (1643) and preliminary overtures toward peace, the war dragged on. The brief reign of "the winter king" came to an end. During the next two phases, which lasted until 1629, the Holy Roman Emperor strengthened his control over the German states. However, Frederick's rule was short lived. The victory of Hapsburg arms inspired Ferdinand II to issue his Edict of restitution (1629). The resulting treaty, the so-called Peace of Prague, protected the territories of the Lutheran/Calvinist rulers of northeastern Germany, but not those of the south and west in present-day Austria and the Czech Republic. The Thirty Years" War (1618-1648) first began with when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia tried to reduce the religious activities of his subjects, provoked rebellion among Protestants. England, Denmark, and the Dutch Republic helped the Protestants. In 1640, the Portuguese began to revolt against their Spanish rulers, thereby weakening their military efforts on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire. ), ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a political body in central Europe composed of several states that existed until 1806, Renaissance term for the ruler of an independent state. It is recorded that the battles took place between 1618 and 1648. The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European continental powers.Although it was ostensibly a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the rivalry between the Habsburg dynasty and other powers was a more central motive, as shown by the fact that Catholic France under the de facto . The Thirty Years' War had complex and diverse origins but religion was perhaps the most important, and religious motivation was an integral part of the political, economic, and dynastic policies that formed and reshaped the course of Europe in the 17th century. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The primary cause of the Thirty Years' War was the actions of Emperor Ferdinand II in forcing the protestants into Catholicism. Also comes with a strong, annotated bibliography. Anglophone scholarship generally fits the war into a wider struggle against Spanish Habsburg hegemony, whereas older German writing saw it as a conflict beginning in the Holy Roman Empire but fusing with wars elsewhere. Religious conflict continued despite the Peace of Augsburg, complicated by the territorial ambitions of the nations surrounding Germany, then a patchwork of small and autonomous duchies, kingdoms, counties, margravates, and city-states. The German Military Enterpriser and his Work Force: A Study in European Economic and Social History. The causes of the Thirty Years' War were mainly the actions of Emperor Ferdinand II. All rights reserved. . Many of the books on the subject confound the reader with complex discussions about general long- term political and religious tensions throughout Europe and within the Holy Roman Empire. In addition to ending the war, the Peace also granted certain liberties. ASCH, RONALD G. "Thirty Years' War (16181648) Follow us on YouTube! This War of Cologne was a turning point in the religious history of Germany. New Catholic Encyclopedia. With the emperor's own declaration of war on France in March 1636, the war in Germany had, it seemed, finally and more. Although Ferdinand III was able to buy off Sweden's ally Transylvania, which had once more, as in the 1620s, intervened in the war (supported halfheartedly by the sultan), by territorial and religious concessions in Hungary, he was now forced to come to terms with his opponents. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2nd ed. Roman and Iberian Inquisitions, Censorship and the Index i Royal Regencies in Renaissance and Reformation Europe, 140 Scholasticism and Aristotelianism: Fourteenth to Seventeen Sidney Herbert, Mary, Countess of Pembroke, Women and Work: Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries. Thirty Years' War - HISTORY Over the ensuing years, the French army had several notable victories, but also suffered significant defeats, particularly at the Battle of Herbsthausen in 1645. "Thirty Years' War Thomas Jefferson was greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinking. 7 vols. The next year, in the Battle of Prague the last significant fighting in the Thirty Years War the Swedes captured Prague Castle from the forces of the Holy Roman Empire (and looted the priceless art collection in the castle), but were unable to take the bulk of the city. As far as Germany was concerned, Nrdlingen might have been the end of the war. It involved Austria and Spain, which practiced Catholicism. . Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, S. J., and the Formation of Imperial Policy. New technology, especially the introduction o, As widely used, a term referring to any war between states that meets generally accepted international criteria of justification. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Black Death and Plague: The Disease and Medical Thought, Church Fathers in Renaissance and Reformation Thought, The, Concepts of the Renaissance, c. 1780c. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How does this map reflect the causes of the Thirty Years' War?, Which of the following can be inferred from the graph?, What role did religion play in absolute and constitutional monarchies? Standard account in English, in which a number of scholars have cooperated; sees the war very much as an all-European conflict. Encyclopedia.com. The Oxford Companion to British History. France, for example, managed to double its income from domestic revenues in the 1630s and early 1640s. The war originated with dual crises at the continents centre: one in the Rhineland and the other in Bohemia, both part of the Holy Roman Empire. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. The 80 Years War Overview & Causes | What was the 80 Years War? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Christian had to withdraw from the conflict and signed the Peace of Lbeck in 1629, giving up his claims to several prince-bishoprics in northern Germany but retaining Holstein and Schleswig. Encyclopedia.com. Thirty Years War | Encyclopedia.com It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict. Christian's troops were routed at Lutter am Barenberge (1626). The Protestants fought against the Catholics with the help of other Protestant nations, including England, Denmark, and the Dutch Republic. Also in 1645, the Swedes attacked Vienna, but were unable to capture the city from the Holy Roman Empire. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Particularly good on propaganda and contemporary pamphlets. Soon both sides tried to find allies both in Germany and in Europe. Enlightenment thinkers were the liberals of their day. The religious and constitutional struggle of the Thirty Years War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in modern history. Aftermath of the War. Der Dreiigjhrige Krieg. Content Filtration 6. Edited by Gerhard Benecke. Two of the emperor's representatives were attacked and thrown out of a window after a trial, an act that sparked a general revolt against Ferdinand's authority in Bohemia and Hungary. He inherited a large part of central Europe when he became Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand II was a stanch Catholic. Image Guidelines 4. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. An international conflict taking place in northern Europe from 1618 to 1648. For the outbreak of the war the deepening crisis of the Holy Roman Empire was of crucial importance. Wilson, Peter H. The Thirty Years War: Europes Tragedy. Oxford, 1982. However, whereas such mental attitudes were an important ingredient in the generally belligerent atmosphere that formed a crucial precondition for the outbreak of hostilities, their more immediate cause was the confrontation between the emperor and the Estates of Bohemia and its neighboring principalities, in particular Moravia and Upper Austria. g. schormann, Der Dreissigjhrige Krieg (Gttingen 1985). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thirty-years-war-1618-1648, ASCH, RONALD G. "Thirty Years' War (16181648) Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thirty-years-war. Underlying Causes One of the most significant issues that led to the Thirty Years' War was the Protestant Reformation. However, at least initially, their armies were unable to make inroads against the forces of Ferdinand II, even after he died of old age in 1637. London: Routledge, 1997. ." ." Please email digital@historytoday.com if you have any problems. The Thirty Years War: Summary & Key Events | StudySmarter The Economist explains: What happened in the Thirty Years War? Economist.com. Swedish Intervention (163035). Ferdinand II treated the acceptance of the crown by Frederick as a direct challenge and thus the Thirty Years War commenced in 1618. that the emperor would raise an army of his own (counting initially 30,000 soldiers and growing fast), commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman and the greatest military entrepreneur of his age. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. But whereas the motive of diplomats before 1914 was fear of political domination, before 1618 it was fear of religious extirpation. Sweden intervened in the battle, hence helping win against the Catholics. The Thirty Years' War was a Protestant vs. Catholic war fought by different European nations. The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World 16061661. b. chudoba, Spain and the Empire, 15191643 (Chicago 1952). However, the Catholics won the Thirty Years' War, and peace was restored in Europe. 2023
Can You Die From Fungal Meningitis,
Arthur Murray Dance Studio Rogers Ar,
Where Is Fort Hope, Ontario,
1293 Pineville Circle Pineville, Sc,
Articles C
